Answers sessions 7th and 8th: from the Empire to 1830

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7º sesión: EL IMPERIO NAPOLEÓNICO. RESTAURACIÓN, LIBERALISMO Y NACIONALISMO: LA EUROPA DE LA RESTAURACIÓN.
CONTENTS: PAGES 34 TO 36
1. Which were Napoleon´s two main goals as Consul? Name one example.
Consolidate the revolution without radicalism. The Concordat or the return of emigrés.
2. Name three more ways through which he modernised administration.
Civil Code (Code Napoleon: TEXT 34), Centralization (prefects), Fiscal and educational reform.
3. Where did all Napoleon´s victories put him in 1804?
He crowned himself emperor of the French. IMAGE 34 UP. He controlled almost all of Europe, but for England. SEE MAP 34.
4. What were the two political consequences of such military might outside France?
He named kings among his relatives and imposed revolutionary reforms all over. SEE CARICATURE 35.
5. How was it that all napoleonic reforms led to the spread of Nationalist sentiments among the peoples he subjugated? Name examples.
His armies acted like conquerors and imposed France´s National interest. Those liberty ideals he imposed made his enemies, the patriots, stronger. CHART 35
The spanish war of Independence 1818-1814. SEE CARICATURE 35 DOWN.
6. What was the political consequence of Napoleon´s definitive defeat in the field of Waterloo (1815)?
The return to the Old Regime and Absolutism (Metternich, the austrian chancellor convened the Congress of Vienna).
7. What happened then to that Patriotism or Nationalism that had contributed to the emperor´s downfall?
It was ignored and the four Powers (Prussia, Russia, the UK and Austria, plus France), saw to their national interest (IMAGE 36 UP).
8. How was then consolidated this state of affairs of the so called Restoration?
The creation of a military aliance, the Grand or Holy Alliance. Liberalism and Nationalism were harshly repressed and revolutionarily opposed this system.
8º sesión: RESTAURACIÓN...: EL LIBERALISMO, EL NACIONALISMO. LAS REVOLUCIONES LIBERALES Y NACIONALES: 1820 Y 30.
CONTENTS: PAGES 37 AND 38.
1. After making sure you understand what liberalism, as opossed to absolutism is, try to relate these concepts: Individual citizen, State, Nation, Liberties and Rights, Sovereignty.
Society rests upon the individual citizen, whose rights and liberties are to be granted by the State. Power, that is, Sovereignty rests upon all the citizens, who form the Nation. SEE CHART P. 37 UP. Its very useful.
2. Why is Liberalism politically representative?
Citizens elect a Legislature (Parliament), which rules.
3. Differ absolutist power from liberalism.
Power is divided in Liberalism, and ceases to be absolute or God Ordained.
4. How is economic liberty granted?
The State must not be involved in Economy. It will only guarantee the right to private property. Economy is to be ruled by the Market (Supply, Demand)
5. What two things are necessary to constitute a Nation?
Cultural bonds among people and their will to live togeteher under the same rule. SEE TEXT 37.
6. Nationalism is an idea. What does a Nationalist want?
Sovereignty and the right to decide for one people, one nation (the so called self determination). Each nation must have its state.
7. Nationalists fought the Restoration. Why? Name examples.
They were against absolutism and multinational empires. Independentism in the turkish Ottoman empire, the Austrian Hungarian Habsburg monarchy and the struggle for political unification among italians and germans.
1820:
8. How did Liberals ultimately destroy the Restoration?
With three european burgher or liberal revolutions in: 1820, 30 and 48.
9. Speaking of 1820, who were the main responsibles, and where did liberalism and nationalism achieve their first victories against the Holy Alliance?
The Military. Greece, against the Ottomans (TEXT 3) and the new latinamerican republics, against Spain.
10. The 1830 revolution was much more important. What was the outcome where it pevailed? Name examples.
Constitutional government ruled by the Bourgeoisie (France IMG 38, Belgium, Spain), or extension of suffrage (Great Britain).
11. Did Nationalism play a role in 1830?
Yes. Belgium was independent fomNetherlands and Poland revolted against russian tsarist rule, to no avail.