1. Did anything change in Spanish medieval society or economy?

2 El feudalismo se extendió por influencia franca. ¿Cómo, por qué y dónde en especial se desarrolló más?

3. Which types of feudal dominions appeared?

SOCIEDAD
5. ¿Qué privilegios disfrutaban los dos estamentos privilegiados? ¿Quién no los disfrutaba?

6. How did the high nobility secure its power and revenue at the end of the Reconquest? And what kept the Church immensely rich after that process, apart from land donations?

7. ¿Por qué eran heterogéneos los dos grupos no privilegiados en los dos principales reinos?

8. Then we have two segregated minorities, jews and muslims (mudéjares). Why were only jews persecuted?

9. ¿Cuándo empìeza a cambiar la estructura económica?

10. Compare briefly the situation in Castile and Aragon.
.
D. LA CRISIS BAJOMEDIEVAL.
Crisis demográfica y agrícola
11. ¿Qué hizo que la Peste Negra tuviera consecuencias tan apocalípticas?(CONCEPT P. 62 UP,IMAGE 62 DWN)

12. Did it affect all of the Spanish kingdoms equally?

13. La ruina económica se extendió como en una pesadilla, ¿cómo?
Revueltas sociales:
14. We have explained how peasants were affected. How did they respond to it? Name examples.

15. ¿A quiénes se culpó por la mala situación? ¿Qué les pasó en las ciudades?
Crisis política en Castilla
16. What was the consequence of the king´s fight against the privileged in Castile?

17. ¿Continuó la lucha? SEE CHART P. 64 UP.

18. Did they take other measures directed to the strengthening of royal power?

19. ¿Cómo resultó todo?
Crisis política en Aragón:
20. How was that the Trastamaras also got to occupy the throne in Aragon? SEE CHART P. 65 UP.

21.¿Cómo se las arregló la nueva dinastía para llegar a una guerra civil en 1462?

22. This war was complex (CHART P. 64 UP). Explain it politically, socially and in the urban context of Barcelona.

23. ¿Cómo acabó?

E.LA CRISIS BAJOMEDIEVAL: NAVARRA. CONSECUENCIAS DE LA CRISIS. ESPAÑA, CRISOL DE CULTURAS.
La crisis bajomedieval: Navarra.
24. Which two factors explain the specificity of the kingdom of Navarre in the Late Middle Ages?

25. ¿Cómo se manifestaron las tensiones sociales típicas del XV en Navarra?
Consecuencias de la crisis:
26. Compare the consequences of the late medieval crisis in Castile and Aragon.
España, crisol de culturas.
27. Which institution and city has come to personify the diverse spanish medieval culture?

28. ¿Cómo se desarrollaron las lenguas romance en tierras cristianas?

29. How did church predominance in teaching end?

UNITS 3 AND 6 (2º EXAMEN). 1ºst session

CONTENTS: UNIT 3 PAGES 44-48.
1. England was pioneer in defying absolutism, and also in another thing. Which is it?
Demographic revolution
2. Population grew faster in England. What was the general increase in Europe between 1750 and 1850? SEE CHARTS P. 46.

3. Which were the factors for this growth?

4. In Geography we call this the Demographic Transition. Can you explain it?

Agrarian revolution
5. Why were land owners interested in growing more crops?

6. How was this achieved?

7. Granting full privaty property to landowners let them modernise their farms and at the same time ended two important traditions. Which?

8. Which were the three technical innovations?

9. What is the real advantage derived from the Norfolk system?

10. Name specific examples of the practical advantages of mechanization. SEE IMGS P. 47

11. Machines substituted craftsmen. This increased productivity or yield. What was its economic effect?

12. How were machines firstly powered?

13. What came to be the symbol of the Industrial Revolution?

14. All of this brought a new kind of work organization. Explain it.

Answers sessions 7th and 8th: from the Empire to 1830

Sorry for the delay.
7º sesión: EL IMPERIO NAPOLEÓNICO. RESTAURACIÓN, LIBERALISMO Y NACIONALISMO: LA EUROPA DE LA RESTAURACIÓN.
CONTENTS: PAGES 34 TO 36
1. Which were Napoleon´s two main goals as Consul? Name one example.
Consolidate the revolution without radicalism. The Concordat or the return of emigrés.
2. Name three more ways through which he modernised administration.
Civil Code (Code Napoleon: TEXT 34), Centralization (prefects), Fiscal and educational reform.
3. Where did all Napoleon´s victories put him in 1804?
He crowned himself emperor of the French. IMAGE 34 UP. He controlled almost all of Europe, but for England. SEE MAP 34.
4. What were the two political consequences of such military might outside France?
He named kings among his relatives and imposed revolutionary reforms all over. SEE CARICATURE 35.
5. How was it that all napoleonic reforms led to the spread of Nationalist sentiments among the peoples he subjugated? Name examples.
His armies acted like conquerors and imposed France´s National interest. Those liberty ideals he imposed made his enemies, the patriots, stronger. CHART 35
The spanish war of Independence 1818-1814. SEE CARICATURE 35 DOWN.
6. What was the political consequence of Napoleon´s definitive defeat in the field of Waterloo (1815)?
The return to the Old Regime and Absolutism (Metternich, the austrian chancellor convened the Congress of Vienna).
7. What happened then to that Patriotism or Nationalism that had contributed to the emperor´s downfall?
It was ignored and the four Powers (Prussia, Russia, the UK and Austria, plus France), saw to their national interest (IMAGE 36 UP).
8. How was then consolidated this state of affairs of the so called Restoration?
The creation of a military aliance, the Grand or Holy Alliance. Liberalism and Nationalism were harshly repressed and revolutionarily opposed this system.
8º sesión: RESTAURACIÓN...: EL LIBERALISMO, EL NACIONALISMO. LAS REVOLUCIONES LIBERALES Y NACIONALES: 1820 Y 30.
CONTENTS: PAGES 37 AND 38.
1. After making sure you understand what liberalism, as opossed to absolutism is, try to relate these concepts: Individual citizen, State, Nation, Liberties and Rights, Sovereignty.
Society rests upon the individual citizen, whose rights and liberties are to be granted by the State. Power, that is, Sovereignty rests upon all the citizens, who form the Nation. SEE CHART P. 37 UP. Its very useful.
2. Why is Liberalism politically representative?
Citizens elect a Legislature (Parliament), which rules.
3. Differ absolutist power from liberalism.
Power is divided in Liberalism, and ceases to be absolute or God Ordained.
4. How is economic liberty granted?
The State must not be involved in Economy. It will only guarantee the right to private property. Economy is to be ruled by the Market (Supply, Demand)
5. What two things are necessary to constitute a Nation?
Cultural bonds among people and their will to live togeteher under the same rule. SEE TEXT 37.
6. Nationalism is an idea. What does a Nationalist want?
Sovereignty and the right to decide for one people, one nation (the so called self determination). Each nation must have its state.
7. Nationalists fought the Restoration. Why? Name examples.
They were against absolutism and multinational empires. Independentism in the turkish Ottoman empire, the Austrian Hungarian Habsburg monarchy and the struggle for political unification among italians and germans.
1820:
8. How did Liberals ultimately destroy the Restoration?
With three european burgher or liberal revolutions in: 1820, 30 and 48.
9. Speaking of 1820, who were the main responsibles, and where did liberalism and nationalism achieve their first victories against the Holy Alliance?
The Military. Greece, against the Ottomans (TEXT 3) and the new latinamerican republics, against Spain.
10. The 1830 revolution was much more important. What was the outcome where it pevailed? Name examples.
Constitutional government ruled by the Bourgeoisie (France IMG 38, Belgium, Spain), or extension of suffrage (Great Britain).
11. Did Nationalism play a role in 1830?
Yes. Belgium was independent fomNetherlands and Poland revolted against russian tsarist rule, to no avail.

9º and last session: EUROPE FROM 1848

CONTENTS: PAGES 39 TO 41.
1. 1848 is remembered as Spring of Nations, Springtime of the Peoples or the Year of Revolution (IMG 39DWN, MAP 39, Image 24 dwn). Which two historical phenomena appeared then?

2. SEE MAP 39 and distinguish between what happened in France and other places.

3. Though revolution was supressed in the majority of the cases, who was its most conspicuous victim?

4. Name three common features in the unification processes in Italy and Germany.

5. Name the three italian leaders relevant to the Unification process.

6. SEE MAP 40 and tell me which were the main two obstacles to italian unification?

7. Which political obstacle stood in the way for german unification?

8. What was the political consequence of the year 1848 in the issue of Unification?

9. Contrary to the italian case, there was only one relevant leader in this process, who?

10. Just like in Italy, what was to be the strategy the most developed territory devised to achieve unification? SEE TEXT 41 UP.

11. Which were the new nation states in Europe around 1870?

12. Which were the two dangers that crept within the seemingly pacified Europe of the last quarter of the XIXth century?

6º SESSION: REVOLUTION!!! (2)

1. How did the king manage to provoke jacobins into proclaiming the republic?
He was the austrian emperor´s brother in law, and he was caught escaping there (the Varennes flight: IMG 29 DWN). Austria invaded France and this enraged the sans culottes, who imprisoned the royal family and put an end to the monarchy.

2. Who were the first to prevail in the new Republic? How did they manage to unite almost all european monarchies against them?
Moderate girondins. They brought the king to trial and had him guillotined (IMG 30 UP).

3. The Assembly was called now National Convention. What interior difficulties had to face? With what political consequence?
Antirevolutionary revolts (La Vendée). A jacobin takeover (Robespierre and the National Salvation Committee).

4. Name the three measures jacobins took just after they had seized power.
Girondin leaders brought to trial. New fully democratic and egalitarian constitution (1793: TEXT 30 CTER). New army levy en masse (new citizen army, not just mercenary).

5. Jacobins had to please Sans Culottes, their urban supporters (IMG 30 DOWN). This led them to very radical measures. Name some.
Terror and guillotine for anyone who opposed them. Price control. Compulsory education. Devising the cult of Reason.

6. Which two factors do you think had an influence on Robespierre´s and the jacobines´s downfall?
The end of internal turmoil and the military victories abroad. Also, their dictatorship and the terror they imposed. (IMG 31 UP).

7. Socially, what was the meaning of the Directory and the constitution of 1795?
Rich and conservative burghers did control the state again, as in the constitutional monarchy.

8. And what did it mean politically? Name examples.
Less democracy. Limited suffrage. Bicameral legislature.

9. How did the Directory end? Why?With Napoleon´s coup d´etat. Because the army was seen as the only institution able to restore order and prosperity (inflation was very high), and Napoleon was the most popular general (TEXT 31 DWN).

10. Women finally attained some rights with the French Revolution. Name examples.
Civil marriage, divorce. They even influenced politicians (M. ROLAND, P. 32), or issue political documents like the Declaration of Rights of Woman (OLIMPIA DE GOUGES, IMG AND TEXT P. 32).

11. Women could be processed and executed (IMG 33), and even took part in revolts (IMG 33), what was the main thing the Revolution did not grant them?
Political participation, on the supposed grounds that they lacked seriousness (TEXTS 33).

7º SESSION: EMPIRE AND RESTORATION

CONTENTS: PAGES 34 TO 36
1. Which were Napoleon´s two main goals as Consul? Name one example.

2. Name three more ways through which he modernised administration.

3. Where did all Napoleon´s victories put him in 1804?

4. What were the two political consequences of such military might outside France?

5. How was it that all napoleonic reforms led to the spread of Nationalist sentiments among the peoples he subjugated? Name examples.

6. What was the political consequence of Napoleon´s definitive defeat in the field of Waterloo (1815)?

7. What happened then to that Patriotism or Nationalism that had contributed to the emperor´s downfall?

8. How was then consolidated this state of affairs of the so called Restoration?

5º SESSION. QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS BEGINNING UNIT 2. ¡¡REVOLUTION!!

1. Name the three factors that can be considered key to the French Revolution.
Poor harvests led to increases in food prizes. Burghers were politically excluded and claimed for the end of privilege. The monarchy´s finances deficit required tax reforms which were impossible in the Old Regime. SEE IMG 26 UP.

2. Surprisingly enough, who did really start the Revolution?
The privileged nobility, who did not want any tax reform, and forced the king into convening the States General, an Old Regime class assembly.

3. Which were the main sources of dissent in the States General?
The Third State (the unprivileged Burghers and Pesants), wanted one vote for each person, not each class. Nobles and the clergy wanted the contrary for obvious reasons. IMGE 26 CTER AND CHART DWN.

4. How did it all end?
The Third State and some sympathetic priests and nobles segregated and constituted the National Assembly, as legal and sovereign representatives of the Nation (remember Enlightment). It was the so called Tennis court Oath (IMG 27).

5. Outside the Assembly, this brought two very important consequences (one of them is today Francés national day)?
In Paris, citizens stormed and took the Bastille (14th July), the royal prison. In the countryside, peasants revolted against nobles (the so called The Great Fear or Grande Peur).

6. This radicalization gave wings to the Assembly. What course did it take?
According to Enlightened ideas, it proclaimed itself the Assembly constituent and ended the Old Regime by law: abolished Feudalism (TEXT P. 27) and issued the Declaration of Rights of Man and of the Citizen. Text 43 (LEARNING TO COMMENT TEXTS).

7. Which were the main obstacles for the Revolution´s demolition of the Old Regime?
King Louis XVI and the privileged.

8. Which of the three revolutionary periods was the most radical? And the least?
The Democratic republic (1792-94). The Constitutional monarchy (1789-92).

9. Enlightened ideas can also be called Liberal. How was liberalism finally introduced in France? Name examples
With the 1791 constitution (IMG 28 DOWN), the Assembly became National: Suffrage, Torture was declared ilegal, and also Guilds. The nobility was to pay taxes. Land held by the Church in mortmain was confiscated to assuage deficit, and the Clergy was submitted to the state (Civil constitution).

10. This constitution was not fully democratic. Why?
The king could veto laws and suffrage was not equal, but censitary, thus leaving state affairs to rich burghers.

11. There was more cause for popular resentment. Why?
Inflation impoverished the lower classes.

12. Politically, which were the differences inside this revolutionary opposition?
Initiated in political clubs (TEXT 29), Girondins were moderates. Jacobins and Cordeliers were extremists and even had armed support (parisian sans culottes). SEE CHART P. 29.

4º session: Absolutism in Spain. Questions and answers.

1. Why was Charles II´s succession such a political problem?
He had appointed a french prince as heir, and the erst of Europe feared this could threaten the Balance of Power.

2. Why didn´t all Spanish territories support Philip V, who was the lawful heir?
Because in Aragon his centralism was feared, and they preferred sticking to the decentralized system of the Habsburg dinasty.

3. What was the punctual fact that determined the end of the war?
Charles inherited the imperial crown.

4. The treaty of Utrecht meant the loss of territories, state those permanent and those non permanent.
Permanent: Milan, Naples, Flanders and Sardinia, Gibraltar. Non permanent: Menorca.

5. According to the French model, what became the ultimate source of power? How do we call that kind of monarchy? WATCH IMAGES P. 19.
TÚ.

6. Compare the American government to that of the victorious first Spanish Bourbon. Why did Philip V issue the Nueva Planta Decrees? READ TEXT P. 18
Decentralized federalism against Centralism. TÚ.

7. Who were in Spain equivalents to the Enlightened men of knowledge? Name three common goals they all shared.
Floridablanca, Campomanes, Olavide, Ensenada, Aranda. Also Jovellanos.
ELLOS.

8. Remember what was Enlightened Despotism. Who is its symbol in Spain? WATCH IMAGE P. 20 AND TEXTS P. 20.
TÚ.

9. Why did all this project ultimately fail? With what consequences?
Lack of burgher ranks, conservatist intellectuals and the catholic Church. They collaborated with Absolutism (Charles III), renouncing deeper reform. This failed too (The Esquilache revolt). TEXT P. 20 DOWN.

10. Name two factors of Spain´s economic underdevelopment in the XVIII century. By which two ways was this situation slightly changed?
The privileged class held the majority of the land. No technical improvement. Population grew and thanks to Charles III´s reform agricultral output was stimulated.

11. Which two measures did the king take to improve trade and industry?
He let every one of the spanish kingdoms do trade with american colonies. He established royal manufactures and protected those private. SEE IMAGE P. 21 DOWN.

12. What was the unsolved and gravest problem?
The peasantry´s short demand. Enlightened intelectuals claimed for an agrarian reform to ensure the peasants access to land property and thus more income. SEE TEXTS AND IMAGE P. 21 UP.