HISTORY 2nd SESSION. QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

1. Name a difference between this non igualitarian society and ours. What is now and what was then the key to be considered a part of the high class or not?
There were those who paid taxes and those who did not. Then it was birth, now it is wealth.

2. Which were the two privileged classes? What did their two sources of income have in common? Which of them was less homogeneous and why? SEE THE EXAMPLE ON P. 11
Nobles and the Church. Land Holding. The Church, there was the rich high clergy and then the ranks of the lower clergy.

3. Name three features of the so called Third State. Why was it heterogeneous? Which of its components was likely to have a brighter future? Remember them, because they ended up the Old Regime. WATCH IMAGE P. 12.
They paid taxes, they took to business and craftsmanship. Some among them, the urban bourgeoisie (Burghers), were richer. They were politically conscious and in the end started the revolution.

4.For the Enlightment, what human feature came to substitute God and became a synonym of Lights? How was happiness to be achieved? Which should be for them the most valued human quality?
Reason. Through education. Intelligence.

5. All this had two precedents. Who and why?
John Locke, who developed the theory of Parliamentary Monarchy in England, and Newton, who did his own revolution in Physics, with his Gravitational Theory.

6. Why can we say that French enlightened thinkers criticized the structures of the Old Regime? SEE IMAGE P. 12. SEE IMAGE P. 5.
They abhorred absolutism and the influence of the Church among people, which they considered the root for illiteracy.

7. Name two differences between Mercantilism, the economics of the Old Regime, and Phisiocracy.
Mercantilistst emphasized the posession of precious metals through trade, whereas Phisiocracy saw agriculture as the base of any country´s prosperity.

8. According to your book, name the 4 factors of the enlightened political critic of the Old Regime? SEE GRAPHIC AND TEXT P. 13, AND IMAGE IN P. 15 Understand this well, it is the base for our democracy.
Division of power vs. Absolutism. Reason vs. Authority. Tollerance vs. Religion. Social Mobility through merit, not birth.

9. Why can we consider Diderot´s and D´Alembert´s Encyclopedia an enlightened masterwork? Which other two ways contributed to the spreading of these new ideas?
Its goal was to join all human knowledge, which was to be the road to progress. Academies and Salons (french word).